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Terç de Requetès de la Mare de Déu de Montserrat
Terç de Requetès de la Mare de Déu de Montserrat ((スペイン語:Tercio de Requetés de Nuestra Señora de Montserrat)) was a battalion-type Carlist infantry unit, forming part of Nationalist troops during the Spanish Civil War. It is known as one of two Catalan units within ''bando sublevado''.〔another unit was the Falangist I Centuria Virgen de Montserrat, created in Burgos, see Joan Maria Thomas, ''Falangistes i carlins catalans a la «zona nacional» durant la Guerra civil (1936-1939)'', () ''Recerques: Història, economia i cultura'' 31 (1995), p. 9〕 It is also recognized as the unit which recorded extraordinarily high 20% KIA ratio,〔the homage page ''requetes.com'' aggregates the number of the fallen at 318, but provides the names of 334 individuals, see (here ). According to scholarly estimates, the number of KIA suffered by the Terç during the war ranges between 269 and 327, see Julio Aróstegui, ''Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939'', Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758, pp. 830-1. The total number of men who fought in the Terç is estimated at 1,600, Robert Vallverdú i Martí, ''La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975)'', Barcelona 2014, ISBN 9788498837261, p. 32〕 with corresponding average Nationalist figure estimated at 6%.〔the average KIA ratio for the nationalist army is estimated at 6%. Units described as “the most enthusiastic contributors” to anti-Republican cause, the Navarrese Carlist battalions, suffered on average the KIA ratio of 11,3%. Quoted after Stanley G. Payne, ''The Spanish Civil War'',Cambridge 2012, ISBN 9780521174701, p. 184. However, some Navarrese Carlist tercios suffered KIA casualties comparable or exceeding those of the Montserrat Terç; Tercio de Lácar recorded 720 KIA and 1,500 WIA, Aróstegui 2013, p. 828〕 Its operational history consists mostly of long periods of inactivity or low-intensity skirmishes punctuated by two heavy combat engagements, culminating on August 25, 1937 and August 19, 1938.
==Origins==
Requeté was originally founded in 1907 by Juan María Roma as a Carlist sporting and outdoor grouping for teenagers;〔Aróstegui 2013, pp. 55-6〕 in 1910 it was re-organised by Joaquín Llorens as a paramilitary structure.〔Eduardo G. Calleja, Julio Aróstegui, ''La tradición recuperada: el Requeté Carlista y la insurrección'', () ''Historia Contemporanea'' 11 (1994), pp. 30-31, also Aróstegui 2013, pp. 56-61〕 Following a period of decay, in the early 1930s the organisation experienced enormous growth and in 1935 it was re-shaped along more sophisticated military lines by José Luis Zamanillo and José Enrique Varela. Prior to the Spanish Civil War the structure did not envision battalion-type units; its largest component was a requeté, roughly comparable to a company.〔for details see Eduardo Gonzales Calleja, ''Contrarrevolucionarios'', Madrid 2011, ISBN 9788420664552, especially sub-chapters ''Varela y la reorganización del Requeté'' (pp. 122-126), ''El desarrollo del Requeté'' (pp. 189-192), ''La reestructuración y el adiestramento de la milicia tradicionalista'' (pp. 198-200) and ''El perfeccionamento de la estructura paramilitar carlista'' (pp. 259-265)〕 In Catalonia the strength of the organization was estimated as 3,000 first-line volunteers and some 15,000 in auxiliary units.〔Robert Vallverdú i Martí, ''Catalanisme i carlisme a la Catalunya republicana (1931-1936)'', () L. Duran (ed.), ''El catalanisme en el nostre passat nacional'', Solsona 2010, ISBN 9788497799683, p. 102; somewhat different figures in his earlier work, Robert Vallverdú i Martí, ''El carlisme català durant la Segona República Espanyola 1931-1936'', Barcelona 2008, ISBN 9788478260805, pp. 318-319〕 Following the failed coup of July 1936 they found themselves in total disarray, some killed, some captured, some in hiding and some fleeing the region.〔for details see Vallverdú 2008, pp. 293-343〕
Since August 1936 first Catalan requetés started to arrive in the Nationalist zone, either having crossed the frontline or travelling via France.〔in line with the call from general Mola “todos hacia Navarra”, Pablo Larraz Andía, Víctor Sierra-Sesúmaga Ariznabarreta, ''Requetés: de las trincheras al olvido'', Madrid 2011, ISBN 8499700462, 9788499700465, p. 131〕 The former Catalan Carlist leader Maurici de Sivatte and the former Catalan Requeté commander Josep María Cunill coined the idea of grouping them in a separate combat unit.〔Vallverdú 2014, pp. 25-6〕 Initially it was to be named after Saint George, but in September 1936 Virgin of Montserrat was chosen instead.〔Aróstegui 2013, p. 687〕 As refugees kept arriving, in November the unit was set up as a battalion-type Carlist “Tercio” (in Catalan “Terç”), many of them created across the Nationalist-held regions.〔in total there were around 40 tercios created, though some of them either short-lived or partially organized, see Aróstegui 2013, pp. 688-9〕 In line with common practice, commissioned army officers of Carlist leaning were delegated to form its command layer.〔Aróstegui 2013, p. 689〕 Its combatants were almost exclusively volunteers, though at later stages there might have been some “false volunteers”, since Catalan Republican POWs were offered enlisting as a way out of prison camps.〔Joaquín Monserrat Cavaller, ''Joaquín Bau Nolla y la restauración de la Monarquía'', Madrid 2001, ISBN 8487863949, pp. 224-229. It was a common practice in the Terç that Republican POWs were interrogated on the spot and Catalans were offered enlisting before having been reported as POWs, Manuel Martorell Pérez, ''La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil'' (thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia ), Valencia 2009, p. 84. There is no information on conscription exercised after the Nationalist conquest of Catalonia in early 1939.〕
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